Holy WarsSurvival of the Fittest - Marketing ReligionTags: Church Growth, Rodney Stark,
Roger Finke, Laurence Lannaccoe, R. Stephen Warner, neoliberalism, religious economies,
seeker friendly, religious pluralism, survival of the fittest, Darwinism
The
idea of marketing was added to the church growth pot as a result of the work of
sociologists Rodney Stark, Roger Finke, Laurence Lannaccone, R. Stephen Warner, and
others. It was during the 80s that Stark and his collaborators began interpreting
religious-affiliation data through the lens of neoliberal market theory. Neoliberal market
theory contends that market forces alone will result in the just distribution resources or
goods. Therefore, if the government, for example, would leave the economy alone,
everything would go as it should and everyone would get what he or she should get. This
theory is all about letting the national economy
follow its course without government intervention. It is all about allowing market forces
in an open economy to naturally take care of everything with regards to the distribution
of wealth. Neoliberalism
proposes a Darwinian survival of the fittest view of the national economy where the weak are eliminated and
only the strong survive. Supply and demand alone will determine the appropriate price of
consumable products and services without the help of government regulation. Consumers
choose which products or services they want to consume. Those business that do the best
job of producing and marketing their products will be the ones who come out on top. The
companies that win in the end will be the ones who were supposed to win. Because of the
resultant competitive atmosphere between companies, there will be more choices to choose
from as consumers have greater access to the products and services that they want at an
affordable price. Stark attempted to
apply this theory to religion by viewing the church as a religious economy in which potential churchgoers
or seekers, as they are called, roam around their communities as consumers
looking for a religious product or service that best suits them. Thus, in the development
of the religious economies, Stark determined
that it makes sense to model religion as the behavior of rational, well-informed
actors who choose to consume secular commodities. He concluded that the
choice of religious affiliation is made as the potential church member weighs the costs
and benefits of each possible choice. While surrounded by an environment where churches
compete with each other to see who can come up the most attractive products or services,
the seeker chooses the church that maximizes the rewards. And because of the
competitive atmosphere between churches within the context of the law of supply and
demand, the seeker will have a whole lot of choices to choose from. The religious
economies viewpoint contends that to the degree that a religious economy is competitive and pluralistic,
overall levels of religious participation will tend to be high. Using data from the
U.S. Census on religious bodies collected in 1906, Finke and Stark concluded that
religious adherence is higher in urban environments than in rural areas. This, they
concluded, is due in large part to the greater availability of religious options in the
city. Thus, it was argued, a natural consequence of an open religious economy is a religious pluralism that
forces each religious body to appeal successfully to some segment of the religious market,
or to slide into oblivion. Because
individual churches are busily specializing in order to survive, it becomes easier for
religious consumers to find the best product for them. And so we see the
notion of potential churchgoers as consumers of goods who need to be attracted to
particular congregations through relate to the surrounding culture marketing
techniques. In order for the church to attract these people, it must take on the culture
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